Everything about William Samuel Johnson totally explained
William Samuel Johnson (1727-1819) was an early American statesman who was notable for signing the
United States Constitution, for representing
Connecticut in the
United States Senate, and for serving as president of
Columbia University.
Early Career
Born in
Stratford, Connecticut on October 7, 1727, Johnson was already a prominent figure before the
American Revolution. The son of
Samuel Johnson, a well-known Anglican clergyman and later president of King's (
Columbia) College, Johnson received his primary education at home. He then graduated from
Yale College in 1744, going on to receive a master's degree from his alma mater in 1747 (as well as an honorary degree from Harvard the same year). Although his father urged him to enter the clergy, Johnson decided instead to pursue a legal career. Self-educated in the law, he quickly developed an important clientele and established business connections extending beyond the boundaries of his native colony. He also held a commission in the Connecticut colonial militia for over 20 years, rising to the rank of colonel, and he served in the lower house of the
Connecticut Legislature (1761 and 1765) and in the upper house (1766 and 1771-75). He was a member as well of the colony's
Supreme Court (1772-74).
Johnson was first attracted to the Patriot cause by what he and his associates considered
Parliament's unwarranted interference in the government of the colonies. He attended the
Stamp Act Congress in 1765 and served on the committee that drafted an address to the King arguing the right of the colonies to decide tax policies for themselves. He opposed the
Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767 to pay for the
French and Indian War and supported the nonimportation agreements devised by the colonies to protest taxation without representation.
As the Patriots became more radical in their demands for independence, Johnson found it difficult to commit himself wholeheartedly to the cause. Although he believed British policy unwise, he found it difficult to break his own connections with the mother country. A scholar of international renown, he'd many friends in Britain and among the American Loyalists. As the famous English author, Samuel Johnson, said of him, "Of all those whom the various accidents of life have brought within my notice, there's scarce anyone whose acquaintance I've more desired to cultivate than yours." He was also bound to Britain by religious and professional ties. He enjoyed close associations with the Anglican Church in England and with the scholarly community at Oxford, which awarded him an honorary degree in 1766. He lived in London from 1767 to 1771, serving as Connecticut's agent in its attempt to settle the colony's title to Indian lands.
Fearing the consequences of independence for both the colonies and the mother country, Johnson sought to avoid extremism and to reach a compromise on the outstanding political differences between the protagonists. He rejected his election to the
First Continental Congress, a move strongly criticized by the Patriots, who removed him from his militia command. He was also strongly criticized when, seeking an end to the fighting after Lexington and Concord, he personally visited the British commander, General
Thomas Gage. The incident led to his arrest for communicating with the enemy, but the charges were eventually dropped.
Once independence was achieved, Johnson felt free to participate in the government of the new nation, serving in the
Congress of the Confederation (1785-87). His influence as a delegate was recognized by his contemporaries.
Jeremiah Wadsworth wrote of him to a friend, "Dr. Johnson has, I believe, much more influence than either you or myself. The Southern Delegates are vastly fond of him." In 1785, the
Vermont Republic granted Johnson a town in the former
King's College Tract in thanks for representing the interests of Vermont before the Continental Congress. The town,
Johnson, Vermont, and a small university,
Johnson State College bear his name.
Contributions to the constitutional convention
In 1787, Johnson played a major role as one of the
Philadelphia Convention's most important and respected delegates. His eloquent speeches on the subject of representation carried great weight during the debate. He looked to a strong federal government to protect the rights of Connecticut and the other small states from encroachment by their more powerful neighbors. To that end he supported the so-called New Jersey Plan, which called for equal representation of the states in the national legislature.
In general, he favored extension of federal authority. He argued that the judicial power "ought to extend to equity as well as law" (the words "in law and equity" were adopted at his motion) or, in other words, that the inflexibility of the law had to be tempered by fairness. He denied that there could be treason against a separate state since sovereignty was "in the Union;" and he opposed prohibition of any
ex post facto law, one which made an act a criminal offense retroactively, because such prohibition implied "an improper suspicion of the National Legislature."
Johnson was influential even in the final stages of framing the Constitution. He gave his fullest support to the
Connecticut Compromise, which foreshadowed the final Great Compromise that devised a national legislature with a Senate that provided equal representation for all states and a House of Representatives based on population. He also served on and chaired the five-member Committee of Style, which framed the final form of the document. In
Miracle at Philadelphia,
Catherine Drinker Bowen called Johnson "the perfect man to preside over these four masters of argument and political strategy [for examplefellow committee members
Alexander Hamilton,
Gouverneur Morris,
James Madison, and
Rufus King)...His presence on the committee must have been reassuring; the doctor's quiet manner disarmed."
(Bowen, p. 235 of the 1986 edition)
References and external links
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